For instance, the authors report that just before discharge, inpatients who had undergone seclusion, involuntary medication, or both judged these measures to be equally effective and aversive. Men but not women preferred seclusion over medications. Yet the study did not control for underlying variables that may critically affect consumer attitudes. The data do not show what prompted the use of an involuntary measure, how specific scenarios may have guided physician decisions about interventions, whether these scenarios were consistent across gender, or whether the differences are attributable to the circumstances in which coercive measures are taken or to issues of gender.